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Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Sol Wurtzel of Fox Film Corporation, and E. In 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship. Self-censorship was deemed a preferable outcome. Filmmakers were facing the possibility that many states and cities would adopt their own codes of censorship, necessitating a multiplicity of versions of films made for national distribution. Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what was acceptable in New York might not be so in Kansas. By the 1920s, the New York stage, a frequent source of subsequent screen material, had topless shows, performances filled with curse words, adult subject matter, and sexually suggestive dialog. Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film, but many of these were ineffectual. New York became the first state to take advantage of the Supreme Court's decision by instituting a censorship board in 1921. While there had been token attempts to clean up the films before (such as when the studios formed the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI) in 1916), little had come of the efforts.
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Industrial Commission of Ohio that free speech did not extend to motion pictures. In 1915, the Supreme Court had decided unanimously in Mutual Film Corporation v. In 1924, Hays introduced a set of recommendations dubbed "the Formula", which the studios were advised to heed, and asked filmmakers to describe to his office the plots of films they were planning on producing. Hays was paid the lavish sum of $100,000 a year (equal to $1,620,000 today), and served for 25 years as president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), where he "defended the industry from attacks, recited soothing nostrums, and negotiated treaties to cease hostilities".
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The move mimicked the decision that Major League Baseball had made in hiring judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis as League Commissioner the previous year to quell questions about the integrity of baseball in the wake of the 1919 World Series gambling scandal The New York Times even called Hays the "screen Landis". Harding and former head of the Republican National Committee, to rehabilitate Hollywood's image. Hays, Postmaster General under former President Warren G. In 1922, as they were faced with the prospect of having to comply with hundreds and potentially thousands of inconsistent, easily changed decency laws in order to show their films, the studios chose self-regulation as the preferable option, enlisting Presbyterian elder Will H. Many felt that the film industry had always been morally questionable, and political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred film censorship bills in 1921.
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In the 1920s, Hollywood was rocked by a number of notorious scandals, such as the murder of William Desmond Taylor and the alleged rape of Virginia Rappe by popular movie star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, which brought widespread condemnation from religious, civic and political organizations. Thou Shalt Not, a 1940 photo by Whitey Schafer illustrating the Code's strictures
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In 1968, after several years of minimal enforcement, the Production Code was replaced by the MPAA film rating system. The film industry followed the guidelines set by the code well into the late 1950s, but it began to weaken, owing to the combined impact of television, influence from foreign films, controversial directors (such as Otto Preminger) pushing boundaries, and intervention from the courts, including the US Supreme Court. The Production Code spelled out acceptable and unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States.įrom 1934 to 1954, the code was closely identified with Joseph Breen, the administrator appointed by Hays to enforce the code in Hollywood. Under Hays's leadership, the MPPDA, later the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began rigidly enforcing it in 1934. Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922 to 1945. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Will H.
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The Motion Picture Production Code was a set of industry guidelines for the self-censorship of content that was applied to most motion pictures released by major studios in the United States from 1934 to 1968.